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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists II01:27

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Diversity of Protists III01:27

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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms, are classified into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical characteristics: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among these, the phylum Euryarchaeota is notable for its remarkable diversity in morphology, metabolism, and ecological adaptations.Morphological and Metabolic DiversityMembers of Euryarchaeota exhibit a variety of cellular shapes, including rods and cocci. Their metabolic pathways...
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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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Diversity in EWAS: current state, challenges, and solutions.

Charles E Breeze1,2, Jason Y Y Wong3, Stephan Beck4

  • 1Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. c.breeze@ucl.ac.uk.

Genome Medicine
|July 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) lack diversity. We propose community involvement, new data generation, and cost-effective methods to improve DNA methylation (DNAm) research in diverse populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics
  • Population Health

Background:

  • Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) and DNA methylation (DNAm) data exhibit significant underrepresentation of diverse populations.
  • This lack of diversity limits the generalizability and applicability of current genetic and epigenetic findings.
  • Understanding population-specific epigenetic variations is crucial for addressing health disparities.

Discussion:

  • Current challenges in EWAS and DNAm research include data accessibility, cost, and historical biases in study populations.
  • Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach to ensure equitable representation.
  • The field needs to move beyond traditional study designs to incorporate diverse perspectives and data.

Key Insights:

  • There is a critical need to enhance diversity in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) and DNA methylation (DNAm) datasets.
  • Proposed solutions focus on community engagement, generating novel data from underrepresented groups, and implementing cost-effective analytical strategies.
  • Locus-specific and ancestry variable region analyses are highlighted as promising avenues.

Outlook:

  • Future EWAS and DNAm research must prioritize inclusivity and diversity to yield robust and universally applicable findings.
  • Fostering community partnerships will be essential for ethical and effective data collection.
  • Developing scalable and affordable methods will democratize epigenetic research across global populations.