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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Human Genetics
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • Indirect genetic effects, including those from siblings, contribute to phenotypic variation.
  • While parental effects are documented, sibling influences on each other remain less understood.
  • Sibling genetic effects may be detected by comparing genetic associations in individuals with and without siblings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify the impact of sibling indirect genetic effects on phenotypic variation.
  • To examine how sibling presence and birth order influence polygenic score (PGS) associations for height, BMI, and educational attainment.
  • To estimate the effect of sibling genetic predisposition on an individual's educational years.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized UK Biobank data from singleton and non-singleton individuals (N=378,700).
  • Estimated polygenic score (PGS) associations for height, BMI, and educational attainment in both groups.
  • Analyzed birth order and number of siblings to explore heterogeneity in sibling effects.

Main Results:

  • Educational attainment PGS association was significantly larger (12%) in individuals with siblings compared to singletons.
  • Height and BMI PGS associations did not differ significantly between singletons and non-singletons.
  • Individuals with older siblings showed a larger educational attainment PGS association; having 6+ siblings decreased this association.

Conclusions:

  • Results suggest older siblings positively influence younger siblings' educational attainment, mediated by genetic factors.
  • This highlights the role of social effects from germline genetic variation within families on phenotypes.
  • Sibling influences represent a significant, yet understudied, component of the family environment's impact on development.