Acetic acid alters rhizosphere microbes and metabolic composition to improve willows drought resistance

The adverse effects of drought on plants are gradually exacerbated with global climatic change. Amelioration of the drought stress that is induced by low doses of acetic acid (AA) has been caused great interest in plants. However, whether AA can change soil microbial composition is still unknown. Here, we investigated how exogenous AA regulates the physiology, rhizosphere soil microorganisms and metabolic composition on Salix myrtillacea under drought stress. The physiological results showed that AA could improve the drought tolerance of S. myrtillacea. Azotobacter and Pseudomonas were enriched in the rhizosphere by AA irrigation. AA significantly increased the relative contents of amino acid metabolites (e.g., glycyl-L-tyrosine, l-glutamine and seryl-tryptophan) and decreased the relative contents of phenylpropane metabolites (e.g., fraxetin and sinapyl aldehyde) in soils. The enrichments of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas were significantly correlated with glycyl-L-tyrosine, l-glutamine, seryl-tryptophan, fraxetin and sinapyl aldehyde, which could increase the stress resistance by promoting nitrogen (N) uptake for willows. Furthermore, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens could significantly improve willows drought tolerance. Therefore, our results reveal that the changes of plant physiology, rhizosphere soil microorganisms and metabolic composition induced by AA can improve willows drought resistance by enhancing N uptake.