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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
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Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
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Halogen bonding and chalcogen bonding mediated sensing.

Robert Hein1, Paul D Beer1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK paul.beer@chem.ox.ac.uk.

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|July 8, 2022
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Summary
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Sigma-hole interactions like halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB) enable selective and sensitive anion sensing. This review details advancements in XB and ChB-based sensors for anions and neutral molecules.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Sigma-hole interactions, including halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB), are crucial in supramolecular chemistry.
  • These interactions offer high selectivity, sensitivity, and aqueous compatibility, making them ideal for sensor design.
  • Anion recognition and sensing using these methods have rapidly emerged as a significant research domain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sensing applications utilizing halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB).
  • To cover the detection of anions and neutral Lewis bases through various sensing modalities.
  • To discuss future outlooks and the general applicability of these sensing concepts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of optical (colorimetric, luminescent) sensors.
  • Analysis of electrochemical sensors, including redox-active systems.
  • Inclusion of capacitive sensors and chemiresistors.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of diverse XB and ChB-mediated sensing strategies for anions and neutral molecules.
  • Demonstration of high selectivity and sensitivity in sensor performance.
  • Highlighting the broad applicability of these sensing principles beyond anion detection.

Conclusions:

  • XB and ChB interactions provide a robust platform for developing advanced supramolecular sensors.
  • The described sensing concepts are broadly applicable to host-guest recognition and small molecule sensing.
  • Emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration for next-generation sensor development.