SARS-CoV-2 vaccine challenge based on spike glycoprotein against several new variants

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has not ended, and several variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus continue to emerge. The emergence of new variants is worrying because higher transmission leads to spikes in infections, vaccine efforts, and other therapeutic developments. Existing literature reports that with new variants affecting vaccine efficacy, hospitalization and risk of a recurrent infection increase. In this review article, we describe the latest variants of SARS-CoV-2, and the impact of each new variant on the efficacy of the developed vaccines reported in the literature and findings. The report concludes that the emergence of a variant that completely evades the immune response and reduces neutralizing antibodies.