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Transient Relativistic Fluid Dynamics in a General Hydrodynamic Frame.

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Area of Science:

  • Relativistic hydrodynamics
  • Quantum field theory
  • High-energy nuclear physics

Background:

  • Existing relativistic hydrodynamics theories often rely on specific frame conditions.
  • Mueller-Israel-Stewart (MIS) theory is a prominent second-order framework.
  • Previous models like Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun (BDNK) theory represent first-order truncations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new second-order viscous relativistic hydrodynamics theory.
  • To remove frame condition dependencies in hydrodynamic variable selection.
  • To investigate causality and stability conditions and explore Bjorken flow solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a new hydrodynamic theory without frame conditions.
  • Inclusion of additional transient degrees of freedom beyond MIS theory.
  • Analysis of causality and stability in the conformal regime.
  • Application to Bjorken flow solutions to identify hydrodynamic attractors.

Main Results:

  • A novel second-order viscous relativistic hydrodynamics theory is proposed.
  • The theory reduces to BDNK theory at first-order truncation.
  • Explicit conditions for causality and stability are derived in the conformal regime.
  • Bjorken flow solutions reveal variables that manifest a hydrodynamic attractor.

Conclusions:

  • The new theory offers a more general framework for relativistic hydrodynamics.
  • It provides a pathway to understand the dynamics of systems like quark-gluon plasma.
  • The identification of hydrodynamic attractors is crucial for describing the early stages of heavy-ion collisions.