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General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Master Transcription Regulators

Master Transcription Regulators

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Published on: June 16, 2021

Cross-Organ Transcriptomic Comparison Reveals Universal Factors During Maturation.

Sandeep Kambhampati^1,2,3,4, Sean Murphy^1,2,3,4, Hideki Uosaki^1,4,5

¹Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Journal of Computational Biology : a Journal of Computational Molecular Cell Biology

|July 8, 2022

Summary

Researchers identified conserved genes and pathways crucial for organ maturation across multiple organs. This discovery may lead to improved methods for maturing stem cell-derived cells in vitro for therapies and disease modeling.

Keywords:

bioinformatics maturation microarray organogenesis transcriptome

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Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

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Published on: June 16, 2021

Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Published on: March 17, 2019

Author Spotlight: Integrating Organoid Models with Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Technologies

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Published on: March 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Genomics
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Stem cell-derived cells often remain immature, limiting their therapeutic and modeling applications.
Understanding in vivo organ maturation mechanisms is essential for improving cell differentiation.
The conservation of maturation pathways across different organs remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate conserved genes and pathways during organ maturation across multiple tissues.
To identify universal regulators involved in the in vivo maturation process.
To inform strategies for in vitro maturation of stem cell-derived cells.

Main Methods:

Performed time-series transcriptomic analysis of mouse heart, brain, liver, and kidney.
Reconstructed gene regulatory networks to identify overlapping expression patterns.
Predicted key upstream regulators based on temporal gene expression data.

Main Results:

Identified commonly upregulated and downregulated pathways across all four analyzed organs.
Discovered shared gene expression trajectories during organ maturation.
Predicted conserved upstream regulators influencing organ development.

Conclusions:

Suggests the existence of universal regulators governing organ maturation.
Provides a foundation for developing generalizable strategies to mature stem cell-derived cells.
Highlights potential for enhancing cell therapies and disease modeling through improved stem cell maturation.