A robust zero-watermarking scheme based on non-negative matrix factorization for audio protection

The copyright problem of digital products is becoming more and more prominent. In this case, digital watermarking technology has attracted the attention of many experts and scholars in the field of information security. Among the proposed technologies, zero-watermarking technology has been favored greatly with its excellent imperceptibility. In this paper, a novel robust audio zero-watermarking scheme is designed by applying non-negative matrix decomposition algorithm to zero-watermarking technology. Firstly, the proposed scheme divides the input audio signal into fixed frames, then applies fast Fourier transform(FFT) and non-negative matrix factorization(NMF) algorithm to extract the feature vector of the original audio signal. Finally, XOR the feature vector and the digital watermark sequence to achieve the embedding of zero-watermarking. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme performs more effectively in resisting common and frame-desynchronization attacks than the existing zero-watermarking schemes.