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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Noncoding RNAs in Thyroid-Follicular-Cell-Derived Carcinomas.

Marco De Martino1, Francesco Esposito1, Maria Capone1,2

  • 1Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.

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Summary

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are implicated in thyroid cancer progression. This review highlights the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and pseudogenes in follicular, papillary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas.

Keywords:
long noncoding RNAmicroRNAnoncoding RNApseudogenethyroid carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid carcinomas, including papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), and anaplastic (ATC), arise from follicular cells.
  • While oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations are known, the complete regulatory landscape is not fully understood.
  • The noncoding genome, transcribed into noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), plays a crucial role in various diseases, including cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific literature on the involvement of ncRNAs in FTC, PTC, and ATC.
  • To elucidate the biological roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and pseudogenes in thyroid cancer.
  • To explore the potential of ncRNAs in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating ncRNAs in thyroid neoplasias.
  • Synthesis of findings on the role of lncRNAs in cancer progression.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs, particularly lncRNAs, are increasingly recognized for their involvement in thyroid cancer.
  • lncRNAs regulate key cancer progression steps, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis.
  • Specific ncRNAs influence the expression of genes and miRNAs critical to tumor development.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNA alterations are associated with the development and progression of thyroid carcinomas.
  • lncRNAs play a significant role throughout all stages of thyroid cancer progression.
  • Evaluating the ncRNA network offers a promising avenue for personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies for thyroid tumors.