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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

110
Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...
110
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

120
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
120
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

127
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
127
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

113
Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
113
Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

113
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
113
Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

244
Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
Another type of impurity is clay and fine material that...
244

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Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Role of Earthworms in Enhancing Mineral Weathering for CO2 Removal
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Improving Weak Subgrade Soil Using Different Additives.

M S Eisa1, M E Basiouny1,2, A Mohamady3

  • 1Civil Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study improved weak, clayey subgrade soil using granular and chemical stabilization. Adding 50% sand and 6% lime or cement kiln dust significantly enhanced soil strength and reduced plasticity for highway construction.

Keywords:
(C-D) tri-axial shear testCBR testadditiveschemical stabilizationconsistency testsgranular stabilizationsubgrade strengthswelling, clayey soil

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Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Weak subgrade soils, particularly clayey and swelling types, pose significant challenges in highway construction.
  • Improving the engineering properties of these problematic soils is crucial for pavement structural integrity and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the strength and properties of weak, clayey, swelling soil for subgrade applications.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of combined granular and chemical stabilization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Granular stabilization involved mixing natural sand (20%, 35%, 50%) with clayey soil.
  • Chemical stabilization utilized additives like lime, cement kiln dust (CKD), fiberglass, Addicrete 11, and gypsum (2%, 4%, 6%).
  • Experimental tests included characteristic, consistency, California bearing ratio (CBR), Proctor, and consolidated-drained tri-axial shear tests.

Main Results:

  • A minimum of 50% sand was required for granular stabilization to meet Egyptian highway subgrade specifications.
  • Combined stabilization with 6% lime or CKD significantly increased compressive strength and reduced plasticity.
  • Fiberglass and polymers showed minor improvements, while gypsum above 4% negatively impacted CBR.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of 50% sand and 6% lime or CKD is effective for stabilizing weak clayey soils for subgrade use.
  • The study provides a viable method for utilizing problematic soils in highway infrastructure projects.
  • Optimization of additive percentages is key to achieving desired engineering properties cost-effectively.