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Stokes' Law

Stokes' Law

Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a liquid, viscous forces drag it in the opposite direction. The force's magnitude depends on the solid's shape and size, as well as its speed and the liquid's coefficient of viscosity, density and temperature.
The expression for the force on a solid spherical object in a fluid is called Stokes' law. Stokes' law is valid only...

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Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

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Published on: February 4, 2017

Full-Stokes Retrieving and Configuration Optimization in a Time-Integration Imaging Polarimeter.

Naiting Gu^1,2,3, Bowen Lian^1,2,3, Yawei Xiao^1,2

¹Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 9, 2022

Summary

This study presents a novel time-integration imaging polarimeter. Optimized configurations significantly improve performance, enabling high-speed, high-precision polarization imaging.

Keywords:

configuration optimization full-Stokes vector retrieving imaging polarimeter time integration

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Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Polarimetry
Image Processing

Background:

Traditional imaging polarimeters face challenges in achieving high precision and dynamic performance.
Time-integration techniques offer potential for enhanced imaging capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and optimize a time-integration imaging polarimeter for full-Stokes retrieval.
To enhance the performance and applicability of imaging polarimetry.

Main Methods:

Derivation of mathematical expressions for full-Stokes vector retrieval from time-integrated intensities.
Re-optimization of nominal angles and retarder configurations for improved matrix condition numbers.
Implementation of a frame-by-frame algorithm for dynamic performance.

Main Results:

Full-Stokes vector retrieval achieved through a single matrix calculation.
Optimized configurations reduced condition numbers by up to 31.8%.
A retardance of 137.7° yielded a minimal condition number of 2.0, indicating a well-conditioned polarimeter.
Achieved imaging speeds of up to 270 frames per second.

Conclusions:

The developed time-integration imaging polarimeter offers high precision and excellent dynamic performance.
Optimized configurations and algorithms enhance the reliability and efficiency of polarimetric measurements.
The compact, simple, and low-cost design presents new prospects for imaging polarimetry applications.