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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

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In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
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Responses to Drought and Flooding

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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds
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A comprehensive drought monitoring method integrating multi-source data.

Xiaoliang Shi1, Hao Ding1, Mengyue Wu2

  • 1College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xian, Shaanxi, China.

Peerj
|July 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new Yellow River Basin Drought Index (YCDI) effectively monitors drought, outperforming single indices. It reveals significant drought in northern China in 2009 and highlights regional variations in drought causes, crucial for water management.

Keywords:
Climate changeComprehensive drought indexDroughtGRACEYellow River Basin

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Droughts are costly natural disasters, with increasing frequency and impact in China due to climate change and human activities.
  • Effective drought monitoring is vital for water resource management, mitigation strategies, and ensuring national food security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive drought index (YCDI) for the Yellow River Basin.
  • To assess the YCDI's effectiveness in monitoring drought processes and evolution compared to existing indices.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated four drought indices: Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and Standardized Water Storage Index (SWSI).
  • Employed Principal Component Analysis and the Entropy Weight-AHP method for index construction.
  • Utilized Mann-Kendall and Moving T tests to analyze temporal changes and abrupt shifts in drought patterns.

Main Results:

  • The YCDI demonstrated superior drought monitoring capabilities, aligning closely with official records (~87% accuracy in time scale, ~69% in drought degree).
  • A significant drought event occurred in 2009, marked by record low precipitation and high temperatures in northern China.
  • Drought severity increased in the middle and lower Yellow River Basin (Henan, Shandong) while showing an increasing trend in the upper reaches; Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and central Shaanxi experienced the highest drought frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The YCDI is a reliable indicator for tracking drought's spatial and temporal dynamics in the Yellow River Basin.
  • Drought causation varies regionally, with human activities dominating in the middle-lower reaches and climate change in the upper reaches.
  • The YCDI provides valuable scientific guidance for regional drought governance, soil moisture monitoring, and vegetation dynamics assessment.