Brain Synchronization and Multivariate Autoregressive (MVAR) Modeling in Cognitive Neurodynamics

This paper is a review of cognitive neurodynamics research as it pertains to recent advances in Multivariate Autoregressive (MVAR) modeling. Long-range synchronization between the frontoparietal network (FPN) and forebrain subcortical systems occurs when multiple neuronal actions are coordinated across time (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic, 1998), resulting in large-scale measurable activity in the EEG. This paper reviews the power and advantages of the MVAR method to analyze long-range synchronization between brain regions (Kaminski et al., 2016; Kaminski and Blinowska, 2017). It explores the synchronization expressed in neurocognitive networks that is observable in the local field potential (LFP), an EEG-like signal, and in fMRI time series. In recent years, the surge in MVAR modeling in cognitive neurodynamics experiments has highlighted the effectiveness of the method, particularly in analyzing continuous neural signals such as EEG and fMRI (Pereda et al., 2005). MVAR modeling has been particularly useful in identifying causality, a multichannel time-series measure that can only be consistently computed with multivariate processes. Due to the multivariate nature of neuronal communication, multiple non-linear multivariate-analysis models are successful, presenting results with much greater accuracy and speed than non-linear univariate-analysis methods. Granger's framework provides causal information about neuronal flow using neural time and frequency analysis, comprising the basis of the MVAR model. Recent advancements in MVAR modeling have included Directed Transfer Function (DTF) and Partial Directed Coherence (PDC), multivariate methods based on MVAR modeling that are capable of determining causal influences and directed propagation of EEG activity. The related Granger causality is an increasingly popular tool for measuring directed functional interactions from time series data.