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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Diamagnetism01:26

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...
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Magnetism01:30

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
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Magnetism and the Trimeron Bond.

J Paul Attfield1

  • 1Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ United Kingdom.

Chemistry of Materials : a Publication of the American Chemical Society
|July 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances clarify the Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4), revealing Fe2+/Fe3+ charge ordering and trimeron formation. These findings explain spectroscopic data and offer insights into electronic transitions in related iron oxides.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • The Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4) at approximately 125 K is a long-standing enigma in magnetism.
  • This transition involves complex electronic and structural changes that have been debated since its discovery in 1939.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent progress in understanding the Verwey transition in magnetite over the last decade.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of charge ordering, orbital ordering, and the formation of electronic/structural entities like trimerons.

Main Methods:

  • Crystal structure refinement to confirm long-range charge ordering.
  • Spectroscopic techniques (e.g., 57Fe NMR) to probe electronic states.
  • Nanoparticle studies to investigate the crossover of Verwey transitions in doped magnetite.
  • High-pressure synthesis to discover new related materials.

Main Results:

  • Confirmation of long-range Fe2+/Fe3+ charge ordering below the Verwey transition.
  • Discovery of Fe2+ orbital ordering and the formation of 'trimerons' (Fe2+ states weakly bonded to two Fe neighbors).
  • Measurement of trimeron lifetime and observation of soft modes, explaining spectroscopic data.
  • Identification of electronic and structural fluctuations persisting far above the transition temperature.
  • Observation that local distortions correlate with bulk magnetization up to the Curie transition (850 K).
  • Discovery of high-pressure iron oxides exhibiting similar electronic transitions and orbital molecule ground states.

Conclusions:

  • The trimeron model provides a robust explanation for many observed phenomena related to the Verwey transition.
  • Electronic and structural fluctuations play a significant role in the behavior of magnetite around its transition.
  • The study of magnetite offers a template for understanding electronic transitions in other mixed-valent iron oxides.