Recurrent Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Infection and the mRNA Vaccine

COVID-19 infection has cardiovascular manifestations such as acute myocarditis, arrhythmia, ischemic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and thromboembolism. The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and viral vector vaccine Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson - Janssen) were initially approved for emergency authorized use by the US-FDA. Cases of myocarditis were reported primarily in adolescents and young adults after administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, with the subsequent emergence of cases of myocarditis after administration of viral vector vaccine Ad26.COV2.S. A majority of these cases were observed after the second dose of the mRNA vaccine. This case report demonstrates the occurrence of symptomatic myocarditis in a patient during acute COVID-19 infection, followed by recurrence of symptoms after the first dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and subsequent recurrence of cardiac MRI-proven myocarditis after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. This case stands out due to the occurrence of symptoms with COVID-19 infection and after vaccination, suggesting possible incomplete interval resolution of infection-related myocarditis.