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Daily variation in time-trial sporting performance: A systematic review.

Tulasiram Bommasamudram1, Aishwarya Ravindrakumar1, Evdokia Varamenti2

  • 1Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

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|July 11, 2022
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Summary

Most studies show no significant diurnal variation in time-trial performance. However, some cycling studies indicate better evening performance, highlighting the need for standardized chronobiological research protocols.

Keywords:
GRADETime-of-daycircadian rhythmsdiurnal variationreviewtime-trial

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Diurnal variations in physiological and performance measures are recognized.
  • Limited research exists on time-of-day effects on time-trial performance across different exercise modalities.
  • Inconsistent findings hinder a clear understanding of diurnal influences on athletic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review evidence on time-of-day differences in time-trial performance.
  • To examine research design aspects crucial for chronobiological studies.
  • To identify factors influencing diurnal variations in athletic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of electronic libraries and databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science).
  • Inclusion of peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed studies on adult males (≥18 years) before November 2021.
  • Eligibility criteria included time-trial tests with at least two time-points (morning vs. evening) across cycling, running, and swimming modalities.

Main Results:

  • Out of 40 articles, 10 met the eligibility criteria.
  • Only four studies reported significant diurnal variations, with better performance in the evening.
  • Six studies found no significant time-of-day effects on performance variables.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of studies found no significant diurnal variation in time-trial performance.
  • Observed variations were exercise modality-dependent, with cycling showing greater evening performance benefits.
  • Methodological limitations and lack of standardized protocols in chronobiological research impede definitive conclusions.