Review article: Epidemiology of coeliac disease

Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated disease caused by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Coeliac disease has been thought to affect mainly people of European origin but subsequently many studies revealed that it affects people living in North America, Oceania, South America, Asia as well as Africa. The global pooled seroprevalence and prevalence of biopsy-confirmed coeliac disease are 1.4% and 0.7% respectively. The pooled incidence rates in women and men are 17.4 (95% CI: 13.7-21.1) and 7.8 (95% CI: 6.3-9.2) per 100 000 person-years respectively. The systematic reviews, based on many population-based data, suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of coeliac disease has increased over past three decades, which may be attributable not only to an increase in the detection rate (improvement in diagnostic tests, simplification of diagnostic criteria and increase in awareness about the disease) but also because of modernisation and globalisation related changes in the dietary practices including increase in the use of convenience food and dietary gluten. In addition to genetic factors, while there are many environmental risk factors, including age at the first introduction of gluten, breastfeeding, caesarean section, exposure to antibiotics and gut microbiome; the amount of gluten ingestion during early part of life, however, has been shown to increase the risk of coeliac disease, and this is relevant from the point of view of primary prevention. In this review, we have reviewed and summarised the literature, up till year 2021, related to the global and continent-wise epidemiology and risk factors associated with coeliac disease.