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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Monkey visual attention does not fall into the uncanny valley.

Sarah B Carp1, Anthony C Santistevan2,3, Christopher J Machado2,4,5

  • 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. sbcarp@ucdavis.edu.

Scientific Reports
|July 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rhesus monkeys did not show an uncanny valley effect when viewing realistic faces. However, they focused more on eyes in realistic images and mouths when teeth were visible, indicating perception of affective facial information.

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative psychology
  • Primate behavior
  • Artificial intelligence and robotics

Background:

  • The uncanny valley describes human unease with humanlike stimuli.
  • Previous research on nonhuman animals' perception of the uncanny valley is inconsistent.
  • Understanding animal responses to realistic stimuli informs interspecies communication and AI development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether rhesus monkeys exhibit an uncanny valley response to varying levels of facial realism.
  • To analyze rhesus monkeys' visual attention patterns towards specific facial features (eyes, mouth) across different realism levels.
  • To determine if monkeys perceive affective information in faces regardless of stimulus realism.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded visual attention (fixations) of eleven male rhesus monkeys viewing faces across five realism levels.
  • Stimuli included realistic and less realistic faces depicting various behaviors (lipsmack, threat, neutral).
  • Analyzed attention to whole faces and specific areas of interest (eyes, mouth).

Main Results:

  • No significant evidence for an uncanny valley effect in rhesus monkeys was found.
  • Monkeys showed increased attention to eyes and decreased attention to mouths in more realistic images.
  • Visual attention was strongly drawn to mouths when teeth were visible, irrespective of realism.

Conclusions:

  • Rhesus monkeys in this study did not demonstrate an uncanny valley effect.
  • Monkeys perceive affective facial cues, particularly those involving teeth, regardless of stimulus realism.
  • Findings suggest a nuanced perception of facial stimuli in nonhuman primates, distinct from the human uncanny valley.