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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

Parafoveal processing and transposed-letter effects in dyslexic reading.

Julie A Kirkby¹, Rhiannon S Barrington¹, Denis Drieghe²

¹Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)

|July 12, 2022

Summary

Adults with dyslexia exhibit reading difficulties in both foveal and parafoveal processing. Their early lexical processing during parafoveal preview shows less flexible encoding of initial letter position compared to skilled readers.

Keywords:

dyslexia eye movements parafoveal processing reading transposed-letter effects

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Skilled readers typically process letters in parafoveal vision independently of their exact position.
Understanding parafoveal processing in individuals with dyslexia is crucial for identifying reading difficulties.
Previous research indicates letter identity is processed during parafoveal viewing (Johnson et al., 2007).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate orthographic parafoveal processing in adult readers with dyslexia.
To compare eye movement patterns of dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers during a boundary paradigm.
To determine how letter identity and position are encoded parafoveally in dyslexia.

Main Methods:

Utilized a boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to record eye movements during silent sentence reading.
Presented parafoveal previews that were identical, transposed-letter, or substituted-letter to target words.
Compared dyslexic and skilled adult readers' performance on parafoveal preview conditions.

Main Results:

Both dyslexic and non-dyslexic readers showed parafoveal preview benefits, encoding letter identity and position.
Dyslexic adults demonstrated less flexible encoding of initial letter positional information during parafoveal preview.
This reduced flexibility in dyslexic readers may stem from difficulties in mapping orthography to phonology.

Conclusions:

Dyslexic readers experience consistent, dyslexia-specific difficulties in both foveal and parafoveal visual processing.
The findings suggest that limitations in early lexical processing contribute to reading challenges in dyslexia.
Parafoveal processing deficits in dyslexia impact the flexible use of orthographic and positional information.