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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Calcite Kinetics for Spiral Growth and Two-Dimensional Nucleation.

Robert Darkins1, Yi-Yeoun Kim2, David C Green2

  • 1London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.

Crystal Growth & Design
|July 12, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcite crystal growth depends on size. Larger crystals prefer spiral growth, while smaller ones favor two-dimensional nucleation, influenced by supersaturation and diffusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Calcite crystals ({10.4} faces) grow via molecular steps.
  • Growth mechanisms include stochastic two-dimensional (2D) nucleation and steady spiral hillocks from dislocations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the kinetics of calcite growth mechanisms (2D nucleation vs. spiral growth) as a function of supersaturation.
  • To elucidate the influence of crystal size and diffusion on the dominant growth mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Kinetic analysis of calcite growth.
  • Investigation of supersaturation effects on nucleation and spiral growth.
  • Evaluation of boundary layer diffusion impacts on surface supersaturation.

Main Results:

  • Calcite crystals > ~1 μm predominantly exhibit spiral growth, independent of supersaturation.
  • Sub-micron crystals favor 2D nucleation at high supersaturations.
  • Boundary layer diffusion favors spiral growth in larger crystals by reducing surface supersaturation.
  • Diffusion limitations affect nanoscopic crystal growth.
  • Additives can alter the dominant growth mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Crystal size is a critical factor determining calcite growth mechanism dominance.
  • Surface supersaturation, modulated by diffusion, dictates the prevalence of spiral growth over 2D nucleation for larger crystals.
  • Additives offer a means to control calcite crystal morphology by influencing growth pathways.