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Promoting and Maintaining Skin Integrity in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review
Charlotte Raepsaet1, Karin Blomberg, Karin Falk-Brynhildsen
1Charlotte Raepsaet, MSN, is PhD Student, Skin Integrity Research Group (SKINT), University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Belgium. At the Swedish Centre for Skin and Wound Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden, Karin Blomberg, PhD, is Professor and Karin Falk-Brynhildsen, PhD, is Senior Lecturer. Georgina Gethin, PhD, MSc Clinical Research, RGN, PG Dip Wound Healing, Dip Anatomy, Dip Applied Physiology, FFNMRCSI, is Professor, Alliance for Research and Innovation in Wounds, School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway. Dimitri Beeckman, PhD, is Professor, University Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University and Swedish Centre for Skin and Wound Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University.
Objective:
To systematically review recommendations for promoting and maintaining skin integrity in end-of-life care and their level of evidence.
Data Sources:
MEDLINE (PubMed interface), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched using a combination of key terms including end-of-life care , skin care , skin hygiene , and skin cleansing .
Study Selection:
Articles were included if they (1) described skin care recommendations, including but not limited to the use of skin care products and interventions such as cleansing procedures; and (2) included adult patients who were expected to die within 12 months. There were no restrictions on study design, study setting, or language. Articles with a publication date before 2000 were excluded.
Data Extraction:
Two data extraction forms were developed. The first included information about the author, publication year, type of evidence, study topic, sample, sample size, setting, limitations of the study, level of evidence, and quality of the study. The second included recommendations for promoting and maintaining skin integrity in patients at the end of life.
Data Synthesis:
Because of methodological heterogeneity, results were synthesized narratively, and no meta-analysis was performed.
Conclusions:
The information contained in the recommendations will assist nurses in promoting and maintaining skin integrity in patients at the end of life. More research is needed on end-of-life skin care, with an emphasis on patient-centered, holistic strategies that improve patient well-being and quality of life. In most current research, recommendations are limited to literature reviews and level V evidence. Skin care must balance the promotion and maintenance of skin integrity, wound prevention, and management while promoting patient dignity and quality of life.
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