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Multifunctional Carbon Fiber Composites: A Structural, Energy Harvesting, Strain-Sensing Material.

Ross Harnden1, David Carlstedt2, Dan Zenkert1

  • 1Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel structural composite material that harvests energy from mechanical stress using the piezo-electrochemical transducer (PECT) effect in carbon fibers. This multifunctional material offers energy harvesting and structural health monitoring, reducing system mass for autonomous applications.

Keywords:
carbon fiberselectro-mechanical behaviormultifunctional compositespiezoelectrochemical transducer effectsensing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Structural Composites
  • Energy Harvesting

Background:

  • Multifunctional structural materials can reduce system mass and improve efficiency in load-bearing applications.
  • Energy harvesting materials are crucial for autonomous systems but often add parasitic mass, decreasing structural efficiency.
  • Existing structural composites typically lack integrated energy harvesting capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a structural composite material that integrates energy harvesting and structural health monitoring functionalities.
  • To demonstrate the piezo-electrochemical transducer (PECT) effect for energy generation in carbon fiber composites.
  • To evaluate the potential of this material for multifunctional applications in load-carrying structures.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite material with two carbon fiber (CF) layers embedded in a structural battery electrolyte (SBE).
  • Characterization of the material's mechanical properties, including longitudinal modulus.
  • Investigation of energy harvesting via the PECT effect under mechanical deformation (tension and compression).
  • Assessment of strain sensing capabilities for structural health monitoring.

Main Results:

  • The developed CF/SBE composite exhibits a longitudinal modulus of 100 GPa, comparable to commercial CF pre-pregs.
  • Energy harvesting was achieved through the PECT effect in lithiated CFs, generating a voltage difference and current upon deformation.
  • A specific power output of 18 nW/g was recorded.
  • The material demonstrated strain sensing capabilities in both tension and compression, enabling structural health monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • The novel CF/SBE composite material successfully integrates structural integrity with energy harvesting and structural health monitoring.
  • The PECT effect in lithiated CFs provides a viable mechanism for energy generation and sensing in structural components.
  • This four-function material showcases significant potential for advanced multifunctional applications, reducing overall system mass and enhancing efficiency.