Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

4.7K
Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
4.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.5K
Biological Methods for Microbial Control01:28

Biological Methods for Microbial Control

194
Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
194
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

14.9K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
14.9K
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

1.4K
The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
1.4K
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

88
Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
88

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Direct air capture technologies: innovations, integration, and pathways to scale.

Chemical Society reviews·2026
Same author

Genome-wide pleiotropic analysis identifies shared genetic architecture within the cognition-immune nexus.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta- and network meta-analysis.

Translational oncology·2026
Same author

An exploratory integrative analysis of plasma transcriptomic and proteomic predictors of response to total neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Adversity as the key feature: neuroimaging profiles of subtypes from multiple depression risk factors.

Psychological medicine·2026
Same author

The evolving landscape of gene editing therapies for human genetic diseases: a twenty-year bibliometric analysis.

Frontiers in medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

11.4K

Baicalin promotes antibacterial defenses by modulating mitochondrial function.

Dongjiu Zhao1, Binhao Du1, Jihao Xu1

  • 1Hangzhou Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|July 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Baicalin enhances the body's defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections by improving mitochondrial function. This natural flavonoid boosts antibacterial responses and reduces inflammation, offering a potential treatment for infections.

Keywords:
BaicalinMacrophagesMitochondriaStaphylococcus aureus

More Related Videos

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
08:48

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: March 19, 2019

7.1K
Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils
09:39

Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils

Published on: June 2, 2023

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

11.4K
Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
08:48

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: March 19, 2019

7.1K
Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils
09:39

Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils

Published on: June 2, 2023

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Flavonoids, like baicalin, are studied for antibacterial properties.
  • Mechanisms of flavonoid action against bacterial infections are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how baicalin affects mitochondrial function and dynamics in response to Staphylococcus aureus infection.
  • To elucidate the role of mitochondrial regulation in baicalin's antibacterial activity.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo and in vitro studies using Staphylococcus aureus models.
  • Analysis of mitochondrial mass, fission/fusion factors, and biogenesis in baicalin-treated macrophages.
  • Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS).
  • Inhibition of mitochondrial function using rotenone or MitoTEMPO to evaluate baicalin's antimicrobial effects.

Main Results:

  • Baicalin protected against Staphylococcus aureus infections and reduced inflammation.
  • Baicalin-treated macrophages showed increased mitochondrial mass and altered expression of fission/fusion regulators.
  • Baicalin promoted Drp1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, enhancing mitochondrial function (membrane potential, ATP, mtROS).
  • Inhibiting mitochondrial function abolished baicalin's antimicrobial activity.

Conclusions:

  • Baicalin regulates immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus by enhancing mitochondrial function and dynamics.
  • Baicalin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for managing bacterial infections and associated inflammatory diseases.