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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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The MLL3/4 complexes and MiDAC co-regulate H4K20ac to control a specific gene expression program.

Xiaokang Wang1,2, Wojciech Rosikiewicz3, Yurii Sedkov4

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA wangx12@chop.edu hans-martin.herz@stjude.org.

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Summary

The mitotic deacetylase complex (MiDAC) interacts with UTX and MLL3/4 complexes, revealing how these chromatin regulators balance gene expression. This interaction is crucial for understanding developmental processes and gene regulation.

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The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Dynamics

Background:

  • The mitotic deacetylase complex (MiDAC) is vital for embryonic development and neurite outgrowth.
  • The functional interplay between MiDAC and other chromatin modifiers remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional interaction between MiDAC and the histone H3K27 demethylase UTX, a subunit of MLL3/4 complexes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which MiDAC and MLL3/4 complexes regulate chromatin marks and gene transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Co-immunoprecipitation to demonstrate physical interaction between UTX and MiDAC (via ELMSAN1).
  • Genome-wide analysis of chromatin marks (H4K20ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K27ac) using ChIP-seq.
  • Assessment of gene expression changes upon modulation of MiDAC and MLL3/4 complex activity.

Main Results:

  • A physical interaction was identified between UTX (MLL3/4 complexes) and MiDAC, mediated by ELMSAN1.
  • MiDAC acts as a genome-wide negative regulator of H4K20ac, counteracted by MLL3/4 complexes.
  • MiDAC antagonizes UTX/MLL4 recruitment, reduces H4K20ac, H3K4me2, and H3K27ac, leading to transcriptional repression.

Conclusions:

  • MiDAC and MLL3/4 complexes exhibit opposing roles in regulating specific histone modifications and gene transcription.
  • The interaction between MiDAC and MLL3/4 complexes provides a mechanism for balancing transcriptional output in key developmental pathways.
  • This study offers a new paradigm for understanding how opposing chromatin-modifying complexes coordinate gene expression programs.