Diet quality during pregnancy and its association with social factors: 3D Cohort Study (Design, Develop, Discover)

Good diet quality during pregnancy provides adequate nutrition to support both the mothers and the fetus. The objective of this study is to describe the distribution of diet quality during pregnancy and to study the association between social factors and diet quality during pregnancy in a Canadian population. This study was based on 1535 pregnant women who provided dietary information in the 3D Cohort Study in Quebec, Canada. A 3-day food record was used to collect dietary intake in the second trimester of pregnancy. A Canadian adaption of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-C) 2010 was used to quantify diet quality. Univariate and multiple linear regression models were used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted effect estimates and confidence intervals for the association between social factors and HEI-C. The mean HEI-C 2010 score in this study was 62.9 (SD: 11.2). Only 4.5% and 8.3% of the pregnant women consumed the recommended amounts of whole grains and 'greens and beans', respectively. Diet quality was lower in some subgroups of pregnant women. After multivariable adjustment, lower diet quality was observed in participants who were less educated, younger, overweight or obese before pregnancy, or parous. There was an interaction between ethnicity and immigration status on diet quality in pregnancy. These findings could be useful for health practitioners and policymakers in developing strategies to improve the diet quality of pregnant women.