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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens
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Aging Effects on Epicardial Adipose Tissue.

Gianluca Iacobellis1

  • 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.

Frontiers in Aging
|July 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Aging and chronic diseases significantly alter epicardial fat function and morphology. This cardiac visceral fat

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Adipose Tissue Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Epicardial fat, the visceral fat of the heart, possesses unique white adipose tissue characteristics with brown-fat-like features.
  • Physiologically, it provides cardioprotective functions, including free fatty acid supply and myocardial thermoregulation.
  • Epicardial adipose tissue undergoes developmental changes from embryological stages through adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of aging and chronic diseases on epicardial fat.
  • To explore the functional and morphological alterations in epicardial fat.
  • To understand the clinical implications of these changes, particularly regarding brown fat properties.

Main Methods:

  • The study synthesizes existing knowledge on epicardial fat biology and its response to aging and disease.
Keywords:
Brown fatagingcoronary arteiy diseaseepicardialepicardial fat

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  • Analysis focuses on changes in gene expression, proteasome activity, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
  • Review of literature concerning pharmaceutical interventions targeting adipose tissue modulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Aging significantly affects epicardial fat function and morphology, with a more pronounced effect in women.
    • The browning properties of epicardial fat are notably impacted by aging, carrying significant clinical implications.
    • Epicardial fat's pro-inflammatory secretome is downregulated in end-stage coronary artery disease, alongside potential apoptotic and fibrotic changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Aging and advanced chronic diseases influence epicardial fat gene expression and overall function.
    • Further research is needed to differentiate the relative contributions of aging versus coronary artery disease stage to epicardial fat downregulation.
    • Epicardial fat's plasticity suggests potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular health.