Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

9.6K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
9.6K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

9.4K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
9.4K
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.9K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
44.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hematologic indices in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: a retrospective case-control study.

International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology·2026
Same author

Impact of adenotonsillectomy on sleep and behavioral outcomes in children: a longitudinal study.

Porto biomedical journal·2025
Same author

Paediatric Obstructive Sleep Disordered Breathing: Cardiovascular Changes After Adenotonsillectomy.

Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery·2025
Same author

Digitizing Olfactory Assessment in Portugal: Pilot Clinical Application of a Digital Odor Identification Test.

ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties·2025
Same author

Thyroid membrane involvement in rheumatoid nodules: a rare finding.

ARP rheumatology·2025
Same author

Correlation Between Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) Scores and Patient Satisfaction With Nasal Breathing After Septoplasty With Inferior Turbinate Reduction.

Cureus·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

9.9K

Tailored Approach for Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Pilot Study.

Francisco Alves de Sousa1, André Sousa Machado1, Joana Carvalho da Costa1

  • 1Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia da Cabeça e Pescoço (Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
|July 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that a personalized treatment protocol, including olfactory training and adjuvant therapies, effectively improved smell function in patients with long-term post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Adjuvant therapies demonstrated superior results compared to olfactory training alone.

Keywords:
COVID-19adjuvant therapyhyposmiaolfactory trainingprotocol

More Related Videos

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
09:03

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published on: November 7, 2020

5.0K
Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation
12:00

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Published on: December 28, 2011

15.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

9.9K
Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
09:03

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published on: November 7, 2020

5.0K
Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation
12:00

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Published on: December 28, 2011

15.6K

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Outcomes Research

Background:

  • Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a common sequela of COVID-19.
  • Standardized, non-randomized protocols for treating post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction are lacking.
  • Assessing the efficacy of olfactory training combined with adjuvant therapies is crucial for managing this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a novel, non-randomized protocol for post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
  • To determine the effectiveness of olfactory training alone versus olfactory training with adjuvant therapies.
  • To assess the benefit of adjuvant therapies in patients with persistent post-COVID-19 smell loss.

Main Methods:

  • A non-randomized protocol was applied to patients with long-lasting post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.
  • Patients received either olfactory training alone or olfactory training plus adjuvant therapy (e.g., topical corticosteroids, vitamin B complex, vitamins A and E).
  • Olfactory function was objectively and subjectively evaluated at baseline and after 3 months.

Main Results:

  • All treatment groups showed significant improvement in olfactory thresholds after 3 months.
  • Olfactory training combined with adjuvant therapies yielded greater mean olfactory threshold improvement compared to olfactory training alone (4.3 vs. 2.9, P = 0.03).
  • Specific adjuvant combinations, including topical corticosteroids and vitamin supplements, demonstrated significant efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • A customized, non-randomized protocol integrating olfactory training and adjuvant therapies appears effective for managing persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory disorder.
  • Adjuvant therapies may enhance olfactory function recovery when added to olfactory training.
  • Further research is warranted to confirm the effectiveness of specific adjuvant therapies in this patient population.