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3D printing methods for radiological anthropomorphic phantoms.

Nikiforos Okkalidis1,2

  • 1Research Institute, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|July 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Three dimensional (3D) printing offers advanced anthropomorphic phantoms for radiological applications. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) shows promise for realistic, cost-effective phantoms, though material development is key.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturinganthropomorphicpatient-specificphantomsradiology

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Three dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used for fabricating anthropomorphic phantoms.
  • Existing methods require further development in software and materials for enhanced realism and accuracy.
  • There is a growing demand for high-quality phantoms that closely mimic human anatomy and tissue properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate current 3D printing technologies for anthropomorphic phantom fabrication.
  • To identify advancements and limitations in 3D printing methods and materials for radiological applications.
  • To explore the potential of different 3D printing techniques in creating realistic and radiologically equivalent phantoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of five primary 3D printing methods: photo-curing, melted plastic deposition, paper-based printing, powder binding/melting, and bio-printing.
  • Focus on polymer jetting and fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modelling (FDM).
  • Analysis of material properties, accuracy, speed, cost, and potential for emulating human tissues.

Main Results:

  • Polymer jetting and FFF are identified as promising technologies for realistic anthropomorphic phantoms.
  • Paper-based and polymer jetting methods have material limitations (e.g., contrast agents, polymerizable materials).
  • FFF offers flexibility in material composition, lower cost, and suitability for large, heterogeneous phantoms despite lower speed and accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • FFF technology presents a promising, cost-effective approach for creating patient-specific anthropomorphic phantoms.
  • Further development in 3D printing software and materials is crucial for achieving higher accuracy and tissue emulation.
  • Advancements in 3D printing hold significant potential for improving radiological applications and patient treatment adaptation.