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Do Soluble Phosphates Direct the Formose Reaction towards Pentose Sugars?

E Camprubi1,2, S A Harrison2, S F Jordan2

  • 1Origins Center, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Astrobiology
|July 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Acetyl phosphate did not direct the formose reaction to ribose as hypothesized. Instead, mineral precipitation halted the reaction, though ribose showed stability under these prebiotic conditions.

Keywords:
AstrobiologyFormose reactionOrigin of lifePhosphorylationProtometabolismSugars

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Area of Science:

  • Astrobiology
  • Prebiotic Chemistry
  • Organic Geochemistry

Background:

  • The formose reaction is a key hypothesis for prebiotic sugar synthesis, but often yields complex mixtures.
  • Directing this reaction towards specific sugars like ribose remains a significant challenge in origins-of-life research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if acetyl phosphate, a plausible prebiotic phosphorylating agent, could selectively synthesize ribose via the formose reaction.
  • To understand the reaction mechanism and identify factors influencing sugar stability under early Earth conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Formose reaction experiments with and without acetyl phosphate addition.
  • Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for mechanistic analysis.
  • Investigation of mineral precipitation effects.

Main Results:

  • Acetyl phosphate addition did not enhance ribose synthesis; instead, it led to the precipitation of calcium phosphate minerals, halting the reaction.
  • Pentose sugars, including ribose, showed relative stability once formed under the tested conditions.
  • Phosphorylated sugar intermediates were detected below quantification limits.

Conclusions:

  • The formose reaction is sensitive to geochemical conditions, particularly phosphate availability and cation concentrations.
  • While acetyl phosphate did not direct the reaction to ribose, the observed stability of ribose provides constraints for prebiotic sugar formation pathways.
  • This study highlights the importance of mineralogy in prebiotic chemistry and offers insights into the challenges of early life's chemical evolution.