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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Did new treatments contribute to a decrease in melanoma deaths?

Kylie Mason1, Liam Kelly2, Christopher G C A Jackson3

  • 1Principal Analyst, Environmental Health Intelligence New Zealand (EHINZ), Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.

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|July 14, 2022
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New Zealand has seen a significant drop in melanoma deaths since 2015. This decline may be linked to the introduction of new PD-1 inhibitor treatments, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, in 2016.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • New Zealand faces high rates of melanoma incidence and mortality globally.
  • Environmental Health Intelligence NZ (EHINZ) data indicates a recent sharp decline in melanoma deaths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential impact of new drug treatments on declining melanoma mortality rates in New Zealand.
  • To analyze trends in melanoma mortality following the introduction of PD-1 inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Descriptive monitoring of national melanoma mortality statistics from 2014 to 2018.
  • Comparison of mortality trends with the introduction of nivolumab and pembrolizumab in 2016.

Main Results:

  • Melanoma deaths decreased from 376 in 2015 to 296 in 2018.
  • The decline in mortality appears to correlate with the introduction of PD-1 inhibitor therapies.
  • No significant changes in melanoma registrations or diagnostic thickness were observed to explain the drop.

Conclusions:

  • The introduction of PD-1 inhibitor treatments (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) in 2016 may have contributed to the observed decrease in New Zealand's melanoma mortality rate.
  • While observational, the data suggests a population-level impact of these new therapies.
  • Further research is recommended to confirm the causal relationship between PD-1 inhibitors and improved melanoma survival rates in New Zealand.