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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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Unsupervised Clustering of Olfactory Phenotypes.

Rodney J Schlosser1, Judy R Dubno1, Mark A Eckert1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|July 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New olfactory testing clusters reveal distinct patient groups with varying causes and quality of life impacts. This approach offers deeper insights beyond simple identification scores for olfactory dysfunction.

Keywords:
cluster analysisolfactionphenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Olfactory neuroscience
  • Clinical audiology
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Current olfactory function classification relies on identification test scores, limiting understanding of causes and quality of life.
  • Existing methods fail to capture the nuances of olfactory loss and its associated comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel clinical phenotypes for olfactory dysfunction using detailed psychophysical and cognitive testing.
  • To identify unique risk factors and quality of life impacts associated with these new olfactory dysfunction clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Community subjects (n=219) underwent olfactory testing (threshold, discrimination, identification) and cognitive screening (MMSE).
  • Unsupervised clustering analyzed olfactory (T, D, I) and cognitive (MMSE) data.
  • Post hoc analysis examined demographics, comorbidities, and quality of life (QOL) across clusters.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct clusters emerged, including normosmics and three groups with varying degrees of olfactory impairment and cognitive scores.
  • Cluster 2 showed severe olfactory loss, lower MMSE, and higher rates of smoking, heart disease, cancer, and worst QOL.
  • Cluster 3 had impaired threshold but preserved discrimination/identification, with smoking/heart disease links and moderate QOL impact.
  • Cluster 4 presented with the lowest MMSE scores, moderate threshold loss, and associations with Black subjects, diabetes, and viral/traumatic causes.

Conclusions:

  • Unsupervised clustering of detailed olfactory and cognitive data yields clinically relevant phenotypes.
  • These phenotypes correlate with specific risk factors, etiologies, and quality of life outcomes.
  • This refined classification may guide more targeted therapeutic strategies for olfactory loss.