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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Latent class analysis to characterize neonatal risk for neurodevelopmental differences.

Allison M Momany1, Elizabeth Jasper2,3, Kristian E Markon4

  • 1Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
|July 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Infant neurodevelopmental outcomes vary even with similar risk factors like preterm birth. This study identified distinct neonatal health classes, revealing that infants with critical illnesses or complicated deliveries showed lower neurodevelopmental scores.

Keywords:
Preterm birthlatent class analysisneonatal morbidityneurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal health
  • Neurodevelopmental research
  • Pediatric medicine

Background:

  • Established link between neonatal risk factors (preterm birth, low birth weight) and neurodevelopmental deficits.
  • Heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental outcomes among high-risk infants remains poorly understood.
  • Need to explore additional neonatal morbidities beyond traditional risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate heterogeneity in infant neurodevelopmental abilities.
  • Identify distinct neonatal health classes using latent class analysis.
  • Examine neurodevelopmental differences across these classes and by sex.

Main Methods:

  • Latent class analysis of 21 neonatal health indicators in 19,951 neonates.
  • Inclusion of neonates across the full gestational age spectrum.
  • Assessment of neurodevelopment at 18 months using parent-rated measures.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct infant classes identified: healthy, hypoxic, critically ill, minorly ill, and complicated delivery.
  • Infants in critically ill, minorly ill, and complicated delivery classes exhibited lower neurodevelopmental scores.
  • Significant interaction between neonatal class and sex affected three neurodevelopmental domains.

Conclusions:

  • Identified specific neonatal medical conditions contributing to neurodevelopmental risk.
  • Emphasized a person-centered approach for understanding neurodevelopmental heterogeneity.
  • Recommended further research on maternal health and interventions within a person-centered framework.