Responses of dinoflagellate cells to ultraviolet-C irradiation

Dinoflagellates are important aquatic microbes and major harmful algal bloom (HAB) agents that form invasive species through ship ballast transfer. UV-C installations are recommended for ballast treatments and HAB controls, but there is a lack of knowledge in dinoflagellate responses to UV-C. We report here dose-dependent cell cycle delay and viability loss of dinoflagellate cells irradiated with UV-C, with significant proliferative reduction at 800 Jm^-2 doses or higher, but immediate LD50 was in the range of 2400-3200 Jm^-2 . At higher dosages, some dinoflagellate cells surprisingly survived after days of recovery incubation, and continued viability loss, with samples exhibiting DNA fragmentations per proliferative resumption. Sequential cell cycle postponements, suggesting DNA damages were repaired over one cell cycle, were revealed with flow cytometric analysis and transcriptomic analysis. Over a sustained level of other DNA damage repair pathways, transcript elevation was observed only for several components of base pair repair and mismatch repair. Cumulatively, our findings demonstrated special DNA damage responses in dinoflagellate cells, which we discussed in relation to their unique chromo-genomic characters, as well as indicating resilience of dinoflagellate cells to UV-C.