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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

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Nipple reconstruction with a modified arrow flap.

Giovanni Zoccali1, Francesca Ruccia2

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK - giovannizoccali81@gmail.com.

Minerva Surgery
|July 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a modified arrow flap for nipple reconstruction, addressing the common issue of projection loss. The modified technique offers a reliable and natural-looking result with stable projection post-surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Nipple reconstruction is the final step in breast reconstruction, aiming for a natural appearance.
  • Loss of nipple projection is a frequent challenge with existing reconstruction methods.
  • This study presents a modified arrow flap technique to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a modified arrow flap for nipple reconstruction.
  • To assess the long-term projection stability and complication rates of the modified technique.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study included women undergoing nipple reconstruction after autologous or implant-based breast reconstruction.
  • The modified arrow flap was used, and nipple projection was measured postoperatively at 6 weeks and 6 months.
  • Patients receiving radiotherapy post-reconstruction were excluded; statistical analysis (F-test) was performed.

Main Results:

  • The modified arrow flap was used for 27 nipple reconstructions.
  • Average projection reduction was 12.9% at 6 weeks and 19.7% at 6 months, with no statistical significance (P=0.14).
  • Complications were minimal, including 2 wound dehiscences and 1 superficial infection.

Conclusions:

  • The modified arrow-flap method provides reproducible and reliable nipple reconstruction.
  • This technique achieves a natural aesthetic and maintains stable nipple projection.
  • It offers a promising solution for addressing projection loss in nipple reconstruction.