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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to...
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Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram01:25

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram

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Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Parametric downconversion via vibronic transition.

Kentaro Miyata, Masaki Yumoto, Yasushi Kawata

    Optics Letters
    |July 15, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrate noncritically phase-matched parametric downconversion using vibronic transitions in Cr:CdSe crystals. This novel method generates mid-infrared light centered at 9 µm, paving the way for new optical sources.

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Solid-State Lasers
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Parametric downconversion is a key nonlinear optical process for generating light.
    • Vibronic transitions in laser gain media offer unique pathways for light generation.
    • Noncritical phase matching simplifies device alignment and improves stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate noncritically birefringent-phase-matched parametric downconversion.
    • To utilize stimulated emission via vibronic transitions for light generation.
    • To develop a novel mid-infrared light source.

    Main Methods:

    • Self-difference frequency generation was performed along the a-axis of a Cr:CdSe single crystal.
    • Pumping was achieved using a Thulium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Tm:YAG) laser pulse at 2.013 µm.

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  • The effective nonlinearity was maximized for efficient downconversion.

    • Main Results:

    • The first demonstration of noncritically phase-matched parametric downconversion via vibronic transitions.
    • Direct production of an infrared spectrum centered at 9 µm.
    • Maximized effective nonlinearity achieved in the Cr:CdSe crystal.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed light source leverages broad vibronic properties and wide transparency of Cr:CdSe.
    • Future work includes generating mid-infrared spectra beyond 20 µm.
    • Birefringence engineering in Cr:CdSxSe1-x solid solutions is proposed for further spectral control.