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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Related Experiment Video

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SARS-CoV-2 Host Immunogenetic Biomarkers.

Maemu P Gededzha1,2, Nakampe Mampeule3,4, Anastasia Gandini3,4

  • 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Maemu.gededzha@nhls.ac.za.

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Summary

Investigating immunogenetic markers like HLA and immune cells can help identify biomarkers for severe COVID-19. This research outlines methods for characterizing these potential biomarkers to predict disease severity and treatment responses.

Keywords:
B cellHLAImmunogenetic markerLuminexNGSNext-generation sequencingSARS-COV-2T cell

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Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Virology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Severe COVID-19 pathogenesis remains unclear, despite SARS-CoV-2 typically causing mild illness.
  • Emerging data suggest immunogenetic factors, including HLA, T cells, and B cells, influence disease severity.
  • These factors are of interest as potential biomarkers for susceptibility and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline protocols for characterizing immunogenetic biomarkers associated with SARS-CoV-2.
  • To present methods for identifying SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers using advanced technologies.
  • To explore the potential of these biomarkers for predicting disease outcome and therapeutic responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Luminex® 100/200 technology for biomarker analysis.
  • Employing next-generation sequencing for comprehensive genetic characterization.
  • Developing and detailing protocols for biomarker identification and validation.

Main Results:

  • Established protocols for characterizing immunogenetic markers.
  • Demonstrated methods for identifying potential SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers.
  • Highlighted the association of HLA, T, and B cell markers with disease outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Immunogenetic markers show promise as biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity.
  • Luminex® and next-generation sequencing are effective tools for biomarker discovery.
  • Further research into these biomarkers could inform personalized treatment strategies and vaccine development.