Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

105
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
105
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.6K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.6K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.7K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.7K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

128
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
128

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SARS-CoV-2-related bat viruses evade human intrinsic immunity but lack efficient transmission capacity.

Nature microbiology·2024
Same author

Proof-of-concept studies with a computationally designed M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitor as a synergistic combination regimen alternative to Paxlovid.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

Prior Influenza Infection Mitigates SARS-CoV-2 Disease in Syrian Hamsters.

Viruses·2024
Same author

Positive-strand RNA viruses-a Keystone Symposia report.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences·2023
Same author

The <i>In Vivo</i> and <i>In Vitro</i> Architecture of the Hepatitis C Virus RNA Genome Uncovers Functional RNA Secondary and Tertiary Structures.

Journal of virology·2022
Same author

Optimization of Triarylpyridinone Inhibitors of the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 to Low-Nanomolar Antiviral Potency.

ACS medicinal chemistry letters·2021
Same journal

Transcriptional regulation of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer.

Advances in virus research·2026
Same journal

Viral threats to pregnancy: Global health risks in the era of pandemics.

Advances in virus research·2026
Same journal

Transforming crop protection: The role of RNAi in mitigating barley yellow dwarf virus and aphid infestation in cereal crops.

Advances in virus research·2025
Same journal

Vertical transmission of tomato viruses.

Advances in virus research·2025
Same journal

Consequences of seed transmission for plant virus emergence.

Advances in virus research·2025
Same journal

The significance of studying high-consequence pathogens in their natural reservoirs.

Advances in virus research·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.5K

Reinventing positive-strand RNA virus reverse genetics.

Brett D Lindenbach1

  • 1Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States.

Advances in Virus Research
|July 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reverse genetics studies how genes (genotype) create traits (phenotype). New techniques now enable easier manipulation of flavivirus and betacoronavirus genomes for better understanding of viral diseases.

Keywords:
CoronavirusesFlavivirusesMolecular virologyPositive-strand RNA virusesReverse genetics

More Related Videos

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

21.5K
Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus
13:48

Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus

Published on: June 24, 2012

16.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants
15:49

Reverse Genetics to Engineer Positive-Sense RNA Virus Variants

Published on: June 9, 2022

1.5K
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
12:20

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

21.5K
Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus
13:48

Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus

Published on: June 24, 2012

16.7K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Reverse genetics is crucial for understanding viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • Positive-strand RNA viruses, including flaviviruses and betacoronaviruses, are globally significant pathogens.
  • Manipulating these viral genomes presents technical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of reverse genetics for positive-strand RNA viruses.
  • To describe recent innovations in reverse genetics techniques for flaviviruses and coronaviruses.
  • To discuss the benefits and limitations of these new techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical literature on viral reverse genetics.
  • Description of novel reverse genetics methodologies.
  • Analysis of applications in flavivirus and coronavirus research.

Main Results:

  • Reverse genetics has evolved significantly over 50 years.
  • New techniques have overcome challenges in manipulating flavivirus and betacoronavirus genomes.
  • These innovations facilitate deeper genetic analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advancements in reverse genetics are vital for studying complex viruses like flaviviruses and coronaviruses.
  • Improved techniques enhance the ability to dissect viral mechanisms.
  • Continued innovation is essential for advancing virological research and public health.