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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Multi-Layered Approach to Understand Postnatal Functions of Pancreatic Islets in Non-Human Primates
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Transcriptome innovations in primates revealed by single-molecule long-read sequencing.

Luis Ferrández-Peral1, Xiaoyu Zhan2, Marina Alvarez-Estape1

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals novel full-length RNA isoforms in primates, expanding gene models and highlighting changes in immune gene splicing during primate evolution. These findings offer insights into disease and adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Evolutionary Biology
  • Transcriptomics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Transcriptomic diversity is crucial for understanding disease, evolution, and adaptation.
  • The full extent of isoform repertoires shaping primate evolution is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create the largest catalog of full-length RNA isoforms in primates to date.
  • To identify novel transcriptomic innovations and isoform usage changes in primate evolution.
  • To investigate the role of alternative splicing in immune response divergence.

Main Methods:

  • Deep long- and short-read sequencing of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from humans, great apes, and rhesus macaques.
  • Mass spectrometry proteomics to complement transcriptomic data.
  • Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses.

Main Results:

  • Generated the largest full-length isoform catalog in primates, with approximately 50% of captured isoforms being novel and unannotated.
  • Identified hundreds of transcriptomic innovations and isoform usage changes, particularly in immune function and immunological disorder-related genes.
  • Observed limited impact of these transcriptomic changes on the proteome, suggesting regulatory divergence through alternative splicing.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative splicing in immune response genes represents a key driver of recent regulatory divergence in primates.
  • The expanded isoform catalog significantly enhances primate gene models and provides a resource for future evolutionary studies.
  • Transcriptomic innovations, especially in immune-related genes, are important factors in primate adaptation and disease susceptibility.