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The viscosity-entropy ratio in strongly coupled fluids approaches a constant, even far from equilibrium. This universal behavior is observed in holographic models under large shear, offering insights into fluid dynamics beyond equilibrium conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Holographic principle

Background:

  • Fluid viscosity is highly sensitive to microscopic structure and molecular interactions.
  • A universal minimum value for normalized viscosity has been conjectured, approached in strongly coupled fluids like quark-gluon plasma.
  • Hydrodynamics may act as a universal attractor even with large deformation gradients, suggesting universal behavior of transport coefficients far from equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the real-time dissipative dynamics of holographic models under large shear deformations.
  • To explore the universality of transport coefficients, specifically the viscosity-entropy density ratio, in systems far from equilibrium.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of real-time dissipative dynamics in several holographic models.
  • Application of large shear deformations to these models.
  • Examination of system behavior at late times and far from equilibrium conditions.

Main Results:

  • The viscosity-entropy density ratio and the energy density-entropy density ratio approach a constant value at late times in all considered holographic models.
  • When the shear rate is small relative to energy density, these values align with near-equilibrium hydrodynamics.
  • Surprisingly, even far from equilibrium, the viscosity-to-entropy ratio approaches a constant that decreases with the dimensionless shear rate and can be smaller than the hydrodynamic prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Holographic models exhibit universal behavior in their viscosity-entropy density ratio, even under large shear deformations and far from equilibrium.
  • The findings suggest that hydrodynamics and transport coefficients may possess universal properties extending beyond equilibrium conditions.
  • The observed behavior provides a framework for understanding fluid dynamics in extreme conditions, with implications for strongly coupled systems.