Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

878
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
878
Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

411
Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
411
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

293
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
293
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

505
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
505
Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

523
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
523
Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

Steps in the Modeling Process

298
Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
298

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reduced visual acuity disrupts fixational stability but fails to fully capture amblyopic eye movements.

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry·2026
Same author

Recovery of depth perception in adults with abnormal binocular vision.

Vision research·2026
Same author

The best stereoacuity is rarely at the fovea.

Vision research·2025
Same author

Emerging therapies for improving stereoacuity in amblyopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vision research·2025
Same author

Vergence anomalies are associated with impaired stereopsis in amblyopia.

Vision research·2025
Same author

Efficacy of patching combined with action video games in amblyopic children aged 4-10 years: A randomised clinical trial.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025
Same journal

Computational and mathematical models in vision: Quantitative approaches to understanding visual perception.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Complex interactions between lightness, chroma, and hue in color ensemble perception.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Driving with autism spectrum disorder: Exploring the impact of tactile hazard warnings on gaze behavior and hazard responses.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Early visual processing in adults with ADHD: evidence from contrast sensitivity, spatial integration, and external noise.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Pupil reflexes generate the peripheral drift illusion due to ON/OFF motion responses.

Vision research·2026
Same journal

Perceived direction of glass patterns can flip by 90°: A neural model.

Vision research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

546

Learning to see in depth.

Dennis M Levi1

  • 1Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, United States.

Vision Research
|July 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stereopsis, crucial for depth perception and daily tasks, involves complex neural processes. This review explores its development, limitations, and strategies for improving stereo-vision in various individuals.

Keywords:
3-dimenionalDevelopmentNeural mechanismsPerceptual LearningStereo-blindnessStereopsisVideogames

More Related Videos

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
10:43

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.5K
Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

11.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

546
Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
10:43

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.5K
Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

11.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Stereopsis is essential for perceiving depth and distance, critical for visuo-motor tasks like grasping and navigation.
  • Normal binocular vision and stereopsis rely on intricate neural substrates and undergo development, particularly in primates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neural basis of stereopsis and its developmental trajectory.
  • To identify limitations in current stereopsis testing methods.
  • To examine factors affecting stereopsis development and causes/consequences of stereo-deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on binocular vision and stereopsis.
  • Analysis of factors influencing stereopsis development and deficits.
  • Examination of therapeutic and emerging strategies for stereopsis enhancement.

Main Results:

  • Stereopsis development is influenced by various factors, and stereo-deficiency can result from developmental issues.
  • Current stereopsis tests have limitations that may affect accurate assessment.
  • Several approaches exist to improve or restore stereopsis, with ongoing research into novel strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the neural basis and development of stereopsis is key to addressing deficits.
  • Improving stereopsis testing and developing effective interventions are crucial for visual rehabilitation.
  • Emerging strategies hold promise for enhancing stereopsis in both typical and impaired individuals.