Skin Conditions and Movement Disorders: Hiding in Plain Sight

Skin manifestations are well-recognized non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Skin conditions are usually well visible during routine clinical examination and their recognition may play a major role in diagnostic work-up. In this educational review we: (1) briefly outline skin conditions related to Parkinson's disease, including therapy-related skin complications and their management; (2) discuss the role of skin biopsies in early diagnosis of PD and differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes; and focus more on areas which have not been reviewed in the literature before, including (3) skin conditions related to atypical parkinsonism, and (4) skin conditions related to hyperkinetic movement disorders. In case of rare hyperkinetic movement disorders, specific dermatological manifestations, like presence of angiokeratomas, telangiectasias, Mongolian spots, lipomas, ichthyosis, progeroid skin changes and others may point to a very specific group of disorders and help guide further investigations.