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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface
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Endocrine Autoimmunity in Pregnancy.

Renata Świątkowska-Stodulska1, Agata Berlińska1, Katarzyna Stefańska2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy alters the immune system, influencing autoimmune diseases. This review covers endocrine autoimmunity during gestation, focusing on thyroid and adrenal conditions.

Keywords:
Addison’s diseaseGraves’ diseaseHashimoto’s diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisautoimmune thyroid disordergestationpostpartum thyroiditispregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Human gestation involves significant physiological changes, including the placenta's role as an endocrine organ.
  • Progesterone production by the placenta is crucial for immune tolerance during pregnancy.
  • Autoimmune diseases can persist or arise during pregnancy, affecting both mother and fetus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological and physiopathological aspects of endocrine autoimmunity in pregnancy.
  • To discuss the clinical course of common autoimmune endocrinopathies during gestation.
  • To highlight special considerations for managing pregnant women with autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on endocrine autoimmunity and pregnancy.
  • Analysis of the impact of sex steroids on autoimmune disease activity.
  • Examination of placental transfer of relevant hormones and antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Common autoimmune endocrinopathies in pregnancy include Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, and Addison's disease.
  • Gestational hormones and placental factors influence the clinical presentation of these diseases.
  • Postpartum thyroiditis is common in antibody-positive individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancy significantly impacts endocrine autoimmune diseases, requiring careful management.
  • Understanding the interplay between gestation, hormones, and immunity is vital for patient care.
  • Regular follow-up is essential for high-risk populations.