Diffusion-Free Scaling in Rotating Spherical Rayleigh-Bénard Convection

Direct numerical simulations are employed to reveal three distinctly different flow regions in rotating spherical Rayleigh-Bénard convection. In the high-latitude region $$ vertical (parallel to the axis of rotation) convective columns are generated between the hot inner and the cold outer sphere. The mid-latitude region $$ is dominated by vertically aligned convective columns formed between the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the outer sphere. The diffusion-free scaling, which indicates bulk-dominated convection, originates from this mid-latitude region. In the equator region $$ , the vortices are affected by the outer spherical boundary and are much shorter than in region $$ .