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Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
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Improved Functional Assessment of Ischemic Severity Using 3D Printed Models.

Kranthi K Kolli1, Sun-Joo Jang1, Abdul Zahid1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
|July 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A novel 3D printing method using coronary CT angiography accurately assesses coronary artery ischemia. This non-invasive approach correlates well with invasive fractional flow reserve measurements.

Keywords:
3D printingCCTAblood analog fluidcatheterizationfractional flow reservein vitroradiology

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Coronary artery ischemia assessment traditionally relies on invasive procedures.
  • Non-invasive imaging like coronary CT angiography (CCTA) offers potential but requires advanced interpretation methods.
  • Developing accurate non-invasive tools is crucial for improving patient diagnosis and treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel *in vitro* method for evaluating coronary artery ischemia.
  • To combine non-invasive CCTA with 3D printing for a new fractional flow reserve (FFR3D) assessment.
  • To compare the accuracy of this novel method against invasive FFR measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-eight patients with coronary artery disease underwent CCTA scans.
  • Coronary arteries were segmented from CCTA and 3D printed using rigid resins.
  • An *in vitro* physiological flow model was used to simulate coronary circulation and measure pressure drops.
  • FFR3D was calculated from patient-specific 3D printed models under varying flow rates.

Main Results:

  • A strong positive correlation (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001) was observed between FFR3D and invasive FFR.
  • Bland-Altman analysis showed good concordance, with a mean bias of 0.02.
  • The limits of agreement were -0.14 to 0.18, indicating high reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Patient-specific 3D printed models derived from CCTA can accurately quantify coronary artery ischemia.
  • This non-invasive *in vitro* method demonstrates good correlation and concordance with invasive FFR.
  • The FFR3D approach offers a promising alternative for assessing coronary artery stenosis.