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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Functional cortical changes associated with shoulder instability - a systematic review.

Morissa F Livett1, Deborah Williams2, Hayley Potter3

  • 1School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.

Shoulder & Elbow
|July 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional cortical changes are present in glenohumeral joint instability patients, potentially explaining treatment failures. Further research is needed to understand these brain alterations.

Keywords:
Glenohumeral joint instabilitycortical reorganisation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Orthopedics
  • Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Glenohumeral joint instability involves structural and sensory-motor deficits.
  • Some patients do not respond to standard surgical or rehabilitative treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review evidence for functional cortical changes in glenohumeral joint instability.
  • To explore potential reasons for treatment resistance in these patients.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized and non-randomized trials.
  • Searched multiple databases (AMED, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, etc.) up to March 2021.
  • Quality appraisal using the Downs and Black tool.

Main Results:

  • Five studies were included from 1279 identified records.
  • All included studies indicated altered cortical function in instability patients compared to controls.
  • Affected areas involved higher cortical functions.

Conclusions:

  • Functional cortical changes may explain why some glenohumeral joint instability interventions fail.
  • Current data have moderate to high risk of bias.
  • High-quality research is needed to clarify the extent of these changes relative to instability type and duration.