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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

441
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
441

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Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
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Monkeypox: An old foe, with new challenges.

Andrew Bosworth1, Dominic Wakerley2,3, Catherine F Houlihan2,3,4

  • 1Infection Service, Clinical Laboratory Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2GW, UK.

Infection Prevention in Practice
|July 18, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak, predicted due to declining smallpox immunity, is detailed. This summary focuses on UK cases, including demographics, symptoms, management, and outcomes, with future prevention strategies discussed.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox re-emergence beyond endemic regions was predicted.
  • Declining population immunity post-smallpox eradication may contribute to viral expansion.
  • The 2022 outbreak involves multiple WHO regions, with significant cases reported globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak.
  • To analyze patient demographics, symptoms, clinical management, and outcomes in the UK.
  • To discuss future implications, prevention, and endemicity risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of reported monkeypox cases globally since May 13, 2022.
  • Detailed analysis of laboratory-confirmed cases in the United Kingdom.
  • Inclusion of data on patient demographics, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The 2022 monkeypox outbreak has spread to at least 28 WHO member states across four regions.
  • The United Kingdom has reported the largest number of laboratory-confirmed cases to date.
  • Common symptoms, clinical management strategies, and patient outcomes are described for UK cases.

Conclusions:

  • The multi-country monkeypox outbreak represents a significant public health event.
  • Understanding patient demographics and clinical features is crucial for effective management.
  • Preventative measures and surveillance are essential to control the current outbreak and mitigate future risks, including potential endemicity.