Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Higher order visual processing in the visual cortex.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026

Same author

Treadmill exercise rebalances M1 response repertoires during motor state transitions in Parkinsonian mice.

NeuroImage·2026

Same author

Conformal and adhesive gel for stable electrophysiology on hairy animals without shaving.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Distinct origins of human low and high alpha rhythms revealed by simultaneous EEG-SEEG.

Communications biology·2026

Same author

Localization of the Berger effect in human posterior brain regions with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and stereo-EEG (SEEG) recordings.

NeuroImage·2026

Same author

Emotion Recognition with Portable EEG in Immersive 360-Degree Environment.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025

Same journal

Olfactory Perception and Neural Rhythms: A Simulation-Based EEG Analysis Using Power Spectral Density FeaturesOlfactory perception and neural rhythms: a simulation-based eeg analysis using power spectral density features.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Same journal

An event-related potentials account of brain predictive coding.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Same journal

A recurrent neural network model for a decision-making task based on sequential evidence accumulation.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Same journal

Synaptic neurotransmitter concentration modulation during learning in bio-inspired spiking neural network.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Same journal

A two-neuron HETUF-memristive hopfield neural network and its application in image encryption.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

Same journal

MEK-ERK inhibition enhances synaptic input-output coupling and neuronal excitability in the rat dentate gyrus: association with site-specific Kv4.2 phosphorylation.

Cognitive neurodynamics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Gamma rhythms in the visual cortex: functions and mechanisms.

Chuanliang Han¹, Robert Shapley², Dajun Xing¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China.

Cognitive Neurodynamics

|July 18, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma-band activity in the brain remains a mystery despite its importance. Further research combining experimental and computational methods is needed to understand its cognitive functions and neural mechanisms.

Keywords:

Computational Model Dynamic system Gamma rhythm Neural network Visual cortex

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Published on: June 29, 2018

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Visual Cortex Research

Background:

Gamma-band activity (30-100 Hz) is prevalent in the brain's local field potential.
Its precise cognitive functions and neural mechanisms are debated.
Gamma rhythms are known to be stochastic and vary with visual stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss studies on gamma rhythms in the visual cortex.
To explore the challenges and progress in understanding gamma's role.
To highlight the need for integrated research approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of experimental studies on gamma-band activity.
Analysis of computational modeling approaches.
Synthesis of findings across different species and brain regions.

Main Results:

Multiple gamma rhythms with distinct origins exist in the visual cortex (V1).
Experimental data present challenges to existing theories.
Computational studies show progress but do not fully resolve the mystery.

Conclusions:

Gamma rhythms in the visual cortex remain poorly understood.
A combination of experimental and computational approaches is crucial for future progress.
Further research is needed to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of gamma-band activity.