Advancements in inner ear development, regeneration, and repair through otic organoids

The vertebrate inner ear contains a diversity of unique cell types arranged in a particularly complex 3D cytoarchitecture. Both of these features are integral to the proper development, function, and maintenance of hearing and balance. Since the elucidation of the timing and delivery of signaling molecules to produce inner ear sensory cells, supporting cells, and neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells, we have entered a revolution using organ-like 'otic organoid' cultures to explore inner ear specific genetic programs, developmental rules, and potential therapeutics. This review aims to highlight a selection of reviews and primary research papers from the past two years of particular merit that use otic organoids to investigate the broadly defined topics of cell reprogramming, regeneration, and repair.