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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

1.8K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
1.8K
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.6K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
3.6K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.1K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

2.0K
The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
2.0K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.8K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.8K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.2K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

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Radical deuteration.

Nian Li1, Yantao Li1, Xiaopeng Wu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. xie@nju.edu.cn.

Chemical Society Reviews
|July 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Radical deuteration reactions are crucial for installing deuterium atoms in molecules. This review highlights recent advancements in mild, efficient, and cost-effective radical deuterium-labeling strategies across various reaction types.

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Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Deuterated compounds are essential in pharmaceuticals, materials, and synthesis.
  • Existing reviews focus on acid/base or metal-catalyzed deuteration.
  • Radical deuteration methods have received less attention historically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent progress in radical deuteration reactions.
  • To provide a classification of radical deuterium-labeling strategies by reaction type.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on radical deuterium-labeling techniques.
  • Categorization of methods based on reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Diverse, mild, and efficient radical deuteration strategies have emerged.
  • Significant growth in radical deuterium-labeling technology is evident.
  • Various approaches for deuterium atom installation via radical pathways are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Radical deuteration offers valuable tools for incorporating deuterium.
  • This review consolidates key developments in the field.
  • Further exploration of radical methods is warranted for broader applications.