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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
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Vaccinations01:51

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Recent Incarceration Among Individuals Infected With Hepatitis A Virus During Person-to-Person Community Outbreaks,

Liesl M Hagan1, Martha P Montgomery1, Priscilla L Lauro2

  • 1Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
|July 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks disproportionately affect recently incarcerated individuals, with over 10% of cases linked to recent incarceration. Vaccination in correctional facilities is crucial for community outbreak control.

Keywords:
correctional facilityhepatitis A virusincarcerationjailprison

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Many incarcerated individuals have risk factors for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) infection.
  • The prevalence of HAV infection among recently incarcerated populations during outbreaks was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the proportion of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) cases among individuals with recent incarceration during community outbreaks.
  • To inform public health strategies for HAV prevention and control.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was conducted by the CDC among health departments in 33 jurisdictions reporting person-to-person HAV outbreaks between 2016-2020.
  • Data collected included outbreak-associated cases, HAV-infected individuals recently incarcerated, hospitalizations, and deaths.

Main Results:

  • Over 18,000 HAV cases were reported, with 11.4% of infected individuals having been recently incarcerated.
  • Of those recently incarcerated, a significant majority were held in local jails and disclosed HAV risk factors.
  • In jurisdictions reporting incarceration timing, 10.2% of cases occurred in recently incarcerated individuals, with many incarcerated during their exposure period.

Conclusions:

  • Correctional facilities are key settings for identifying individuals at risk for HAV infection and potential transmission hubs.
  • Implementing Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) vaccination programs for incarcerated populations, especially in jails, is an effective strategy for community-wide outbreak response.